Tag: past life knowledge

Past Life Story with Phobias, Innate Talent & Religion Change: Reincarnation Case of a Young Holocaust Victim | David Llewelyn

David died as a young Jewish boy in a Nazi concentration camp, David reincarnated into a Christian family though David’s biologic father, Solomon, was Jewish, David was not aware of this. If Nazis and German people knew that one could be born Jewish in one lifetime and Christian in another, would the Holocaust still have happened.

How Derived: Memories in Childhood

Researcher: Ian Stevenson, MD

From: European Cases of the Reincarnation Type, by Ian Stevenson, MD

Article by: Walter Semkiw, MD

David Llewelyn has a Secret Jewish Father but is Raised Christian

reincarnationpastliferesearchchesterDavid Llewelyn was born in Chester, England, on September 1, 1970. His mother, Susan Llewelyn, was Welsh. At the time that David was born, she was married to Jeffery Llewelyn, but David’s biologic father was Solomon Rosenberg, a Jewish man who Susan had an affair with for a period of two years.

Susan hid the affair with Solomon from her husband, Jeffery. As such, David was raised as the son of Susan and Jeffery. The couple stayed together at least to the time that David was nine years of age and as such, David was raised in a Christian culture. Susan and Jeffery Llewelyn eventually divorced.

Susan noted that Solomon Rosenberg saw David a few times, but he never took interest in or responsibility for David. Growing up, David was not aware that Solomon was his biologic father.

Susan contacted Ian Stevenson, MD about her son’s reincarnation case after she heard him on a BBC television program on reincarnation in 1982. Following a period of correspondence, Stevenson traveled to Chester, England to meet with David and Susan.

Past Life Memories: Deep Pits or Holes with Bodies

reincarnationpastliferesearchholocaustpitAs a young boy, David had nightmares of large, dark, deep holes which contained bodies. He smelled the stench of dead bodies and he was afraid that he would fall into the holes. There were people with guns.

At times, David would run crying to Susan describing the camps, guns and the dying people he saw in his dreams. He complained of an unusual odor in his bed room.

Past Life Memories of a Gas Chamber

Former polish political prisoner of the Nazi concentration camp in the camping striped uniform

At home, the family cooked on an electric stove. When they visited an aunt who cooked with gas, David said, it “was like the smell in my room at night, it’s going to smother me.” (1) The Nazis had used gases, such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide, to kill concentration camp victims.

David also had past life images arise in his mind during waking hours. These images included people who were prisoners of war who lived in wood huts. David thought these people were Jewish.

Past Life Memories: David Recalls Being Placed into a Pit

When Ian Stevenson interviewed him, David said that he had past life memories in which he was being put into a pit as a young boy. He remembered looking up to the top of the pit where he saw another boy looking at him. He thought the boy was a companion who might save him. There were other bodies in the pit. (2) This image recurred many times and David told Stevenson that he remembered the terrible odor of the camp.

Stevenson noted that in Nazi concentration camps, children 14 years of age and younger were killed, as they were deemed unfit for work. Stevenson noted that at the concentration camp of Treblinka, “children were thrown into a ditch, sometimes still alive, where they are consumed by fire. Alternately, they could be thrown into a ‘regular mass grave.’” (3)

Past Life Ability & Knowledge of Jewish Customs: Writing from Left to Right, Kosher Food and Kippahs

reincarnationpastliferesearchjewishkippahA most dramatic aspect of this case is that when David began to read and write, he would spontaneously read and write from right to left, which his how the Hebrew language is read and written. No one had taught him to do so, rather, he was taught to read and write in the usual English manner, from left to right. Though teachers would correct him, he continued to have this Hebrew habit of writing from right to left until he was 11 years old.

David, as a child, surprised his mother by asking whether food she was serving had blood in it, an apparent reference to Kosher processing of meat. No one had told David about Kosher customs. When he and his parents went to another city when he was nine, David looked at a building that looked like a church. He told his parents, “They wear caps there. Jeffery, Susan’s husband, then noted that the building was a Jewish synagogue. David was referring to Kippahs that Jewish people wear.

Past Life Phobias of the Star of David, the Color Yellow, Camps & German People

reincarnationpastliferesearchjewishyellowstarofdavidWhen David drew pictures, he would always include a star, though at the same time, he seemed to have a phobia of stars. When he was 12 years old, Susan took David into a shop where he saw a necklace with a Star of David attached to it. David then started to cry and ran out into the street. Susan ran after him and asked what disturbed him. David said that the necklace with the Star of David was “beckoning to him.” (3)

David also had a strong aversion to the color yellow. Susan stated that David “hated” yellow. The Nazi’s made Jews wear yellow stars on their clothing, so that they could be distinguished from gentiles. David also had a strong fear of camps. When Susan told him that people have very pleasant vacations at camps, David replied:

“No. There is no happiness there. People are caged in and cold, hungry, and frightened. They’ll never get out.” (4) David said that the people in camps were like skeletons, they were bald and they had no food. David would say in despair, “I’m worried for the other people. Why did it happen? Why did it have to happen?” (5)

reincarnationpastliferesearchholocaustcamp2Susan, David’s mother, insisted that David did not learn of the Holocaust, Nazi concentration camps or Jewish customs as a child in their home. When David was older, she noticed that when David saw Germans on television, he became fearful and angry. Similarly, he displayed fear and anger when he saw German people on a vacation trip that he took with his mother to the island of Corfu.

Summary & Past Life Case Analysis

David’s past lifetime in a concentration camp could not be validated historically, as he did not remember his name or give other specific details from which could allow verification.

The strength of this case rests on David having innate knowledge of Jewish customs, such as reading and writing from right to left, and memories of scenes characteristic of Nazi concentration camps. David’s mother, Susan, strongly denied that David could have learned this information by normal means.

Regarding whether David somehow acquired this knowledge from Solomon Rosenberg, his biologic father, through some type of genetic memory, Dr. Stevenson commented:

“Even the most ardent geneticist would not suggest that genes would transmit the habit of reading and writing from right to left, concern about whether food has blood in it, and images of a concentration camp.” (6)

Principles of Reincarnation & Understanding Past Lives

This reincarnation case demonstrates the following features:

Past Life Talent & Knowledge: When he began to read and write in the English language, he did so from right to left, which is the technique used for the Hebrew. Though teachers tried to correct this practice, David persisted in this practice until he was 11 years of age. He seemed to have innate knowledge of Kosher food and Kippahs.

Past Life Phobias: David had fears of the Star of David, the color yellow, vacation camps and of German people.

Change of Religion and Ethic Affiliation: In his past lifetime, David died as a young Jewish boy in a Nazi concentration camp. In contemporary times, David reincarnated into a Christian family. Though David’s biologic father, Solomon, was Jewish, David as a boy was not aware of this paternal relationship since Susan, his mother, kept her affair with Solomon secret.

A dramatic and very compelling reincarnation case of this type is the Anne Frank | Barbro Karlen reincarnation case, as Anne too was persecuted as a Jew in a Nazi concentration camp, yet she reincarnated as Barbro Karlen to a Christian family in Sweden. If the Nazis and German people knew that one could be born Jewish in one lifetime and Christian in another, the Holocaust could never have happened. In this way, evidence of reincarnation can help create a more peaceful world.

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Footnotes

(1) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 82
(2) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 82
(3) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 84
(4) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 85
(5) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 83
(6) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 83
(7) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 85
(8) Stevenson, Ian: European Reincarnation Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 85

Xenoglossy & Phobia Reincarnation Case of Sharada | Uttara Huddar: A Past Life Personality Preserved Intact within the Soul

Reflections of a Past Lifetime in a Phobia, as well as in Dreams and Literature such as the case involving Uttara Huddar whose past life personality Sharada shows Psychic abilities by taking over Uttara’s consciousness lightly simulating a Spirit’s possession.

How Case Derived: Spontaneous Emergence of Past Life Personality

Researchers: Satwant Pasricha, PhD & Others, Research Summarized by Ian Stevenson, MD

From: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, by Ian Stevenson, MD

Article by Walter Semkiw, MD from Born Again

ReincarnationResearchIndia

This case involving Uttara Huddar is especially fascinating, as the past life personality, whose name is Sharada, would spontaneously take over Uttara’s body and would remain for varying periods of time. In most reincarnation cases, the contemporary individual views the past incarnation as a distant memory and retains control of consciousness.

In contrast, in this case, Sharada, the past life persona, would completely take over the consciousness of Uttara’s body to the extent that Uttara had no memory of what occurred while Sharada was manifesting. Sharada’s appearances occurred over a period of at least nine years.

As such, the Sharada | Huddar case demonstrates an interesting property of the soul, which is that the soul retains past life personalities within it. This is discussed further in the section entitled Soul Evolution.

This case also shows that nationality and ethic affiliation can change from one lifetime to another. An amusing aspect is that the past life personality, Sharada, showed prejudice and disdain towards the ethnic group that the contemporary personality, Uttara, belonged to. This shows that it does not make sense to establish one’s identity too strongly on national or ethnic ties, as these can change from one incarnation to another.

History of Bengal in Relation to India

IISISReincarnationResearchWestBengalUttara and her family lived in Nagpur, a city of 1 million, located in west central India. In the map provided above, Nagpur is seen near the center of India. Sharada stated that she lived in Bengal, which is over 1200 kilometers or 750 miles from Nagpur. In the map provided to the right, Bengal would be located in the area highlighted in yellow and in the area where Bangladesh is now situated.

The history of this region of the world is complicated. Bengal is a region located between India and Myanmar, which formerly was called Burma. In 1947, when India gained independence, Bengal was split into two countries along religious lines. The western section became part of India, which came to be called West Bengal. Kolkata, previously known as Calcutta, is the principle city of West Bengal. The eastern part of Bengal eventually became the nation of Bangladesh. West Bengal and Bangladesh still share the common Bengali language.

In India, several different languages are spoken. The major Indian languages are Hindi, Bengali and Marathi. Though the three languages derive from a common ancient root language, in contemporary times, they are as different as are Spanish and Italian. Bengali speakers do not understand Hindi or Marathi, nor do Marathi speakers understand Bengali or Hindi.

Xenoglossy in Reincarnation Case of Sharada | Uttara Huddar

Uttara, the contemporary personality, could only speak Marathi, the language of her parents, while Sharada, the past life personality, could only speak Bengali, a language that Uttara and her family members did not understand. As such, this case represents an extraordinary case of xenoglossy.

Xenoglossy is the ability to speak a language without learning the language by normal means. Sharada never learned Bengali, nor did she understand it in her normal conscious state. Yet when Sharada took over Uttara’s body, she could speak Bengali fluently.

IISISReincarnationCaseEvidencecobra200In addition, Sharada provided the names of her family members in Bengal to investigators, which were factually verified through Bengali genealogical records. Uttara, the contemporary personality, had no knowledge of these family members from a past incarnation.

More amazing is that Sharada, the past life personality, was not aware that she was dead. Rather, she acted as if she was still alive, transported though time from the ninetieth century to the present. Sharada did state that she was bitten on a toe of her right foot by a cobra, which was the last incident that she described in her lifetime, but she did not seem to realize that she had died from the snake bite.

Sharada had no understanding of modern inventions, such as kitchen appliances, tape recorders and motor cars, which should have made her realize that she was appearing in a different era. Still, Sharada maintained that she and her Bengali family were still alive and well.

Uttara Huddar and her Family

IISISReincarnationResearchGaneshLet us get to know the characters in this interesting story. Uttara, the subject of the case, is the daughter of GM and Manoram Huddar. As mentioned, the family lived in Nagpur, a city of one million people, where the main languages spoken are Hindi and Marathi, though 10,000 Bengalis also live in the area. GM Huddar’s family had lived in the Nagpur area for generations.

GM Huddar fought for Indian independence and he graduated from Nagpur University, later becoming a landowner and farmer. Mr. Huddar spoke Marathi. He did not know Bengali. Manorama, his wife, spoke Marathi and Hindi, but she spoke no Bengali. Family members never went to Bengal and they had no Bengali neighbors. The Huddar family worshiped the Hindu deity Ganesh, the being with the elephant head, who is pictured to the right.

Spirit Being Involvement in Reincarnation Cases

When Manorama was pregnant with Uttara, she would often dream that a cobra was about to bite her right big toe. Manorama would kick off the snake and then wake up. It was as if Manorama was experiencing the persona of Sharada, Uttara’s past lifetime, in these dreams. Sharada, it seems, was trying to communicate to Manorama, Uttara’s mother, that Sharada would be born to her.

This is reminiscent of the dream in the Hanan Monsour | Suzanne Ghanem reincarnation case, also researched by Ian Stevenson, MD. In that case, Suzanne Ghanem’s mother told Ian Stevenson about a dream that she had, which occurred shortly before Suzanne was born. In the dream, Ms. Ghanem saw that she would have a baby girl. Then she saw a woman who appeared to be about forty years old, who she later realized looked like Suzanne. This woman in the dream said, “I am going to come to you.” In other words, Suzanne appeared to be announcing herself in the dream, just as Sharada seemed to announcing herself to her future mother though the dream with a cobra biting her right foot.

Ian Stevenson, in fact, called these dreams in which a soul seems to be signaling its upcoming incarnation to future relatives as “announcing dreams.” Stevenson was told of announcing dreams by the relatives of subjects in many reincarnation cases.

The Monsour | Ghanem reincarnation case, by the way, is also important in that it shows that facial features can remain the same from one lifetime to another.

Reflections of a Past Lifetime in a Phobia, as well as in Dreams and Literature

Uttara was born on March 14, 1941. Uttara had a normal childhood, though she did have a phobia of snakes. The snake phobia was severe from ages to six to eight, as judged by her father.

IISISReincarnationResearchEvidencePonyPhobias related to past life trauma are observed in reincarnation cases. For example, in the Rashid Khaddege | Daniel Jurdi case, Daniel had a phobia of fast moving cars. In his past lifetime as Rashid, he died when a speeding convertible car he was in flipped over. The Khaddege | Jurdi case is another reincarnation case which demonstrates that facial features can remain the same from one lifetime to another.

Uttara had a recurrent dream up until the age of eight, in which she saw her husband coming to her riding on a pony. When he arrived, he caressed her pleasantly. These dreams, we shall see, reflect the lifetime of the past life personality, Sharada.

As a child, Uttara had a special interest in Bengal and Bengalis, and she read translations of Bengali literature. This interest appears to have been related to her past lifetime as Sharada, who lived in Bengal. Note that Uttara read Marathi translations of Bengali literature; she did not learn the Bengali language.

Uttara, as a young adult, went to Nagpur University where she received a master’s degree in English and master’s in Public Administration. She was hired as a part-time Lecturer in the Department of Public Administration at Nagpur University. Her education and work history indicate that Uttara is an intelligent and grounded woman.

Sharada, A Past Life Personality, Emerges

IISISReincarnationResearchBengaliVeilIn 1973, when Uttara was 32 years old, she was admitted to a hospital in Nagpur for asthma and a gynecological problem. She was under the care of Dr. J. R. Joshi, who was Bengali. In the hospital, a yogi came to give lectures and instruction on meditation. Uttara began to practice meditation in the hospital.

Uttara’s behavior then started to change and she began speaking a different language, which was determined to be Bengali. She also began to dress differently, wearing a sari in the Bengali style, placing a portion of the sari over her head, creating a veil. Maratha women, such as Uttara, did not wear saris in this way. Uttara would leave the hospital, stating that she “wanted to go to a place where she thought she belonged.” (1)

Her parents were completely baffled at this turn of events, as they had no connection to Bengal. They puzzled at how their daughter could all of a sudden speak Bengali, a language that neither they, nor she previously, could speak. Further, as their daughter now only spoke Bengali, they could not communicate with her.

Sharada Describes a Past Life in West Bengal

Through Bengali interpreters, Uttara gave details of what appeared to be a past lifetime. She stated that her name was Sharada, not Uttara. She said that her father’s name was Brajnath Chattopadhay and that he was a priest at the Kankalini Temple near Bardhaman, also called Burdwan, in West Bengal. The existence of this little known temple was later verified.

Sharada said that her mother’s name was Renukha Devi. She said her mother died when she was 2 years of age. Her father then was remarried to a woman named Anandamoyi. Sharada said that a maternal aunt named Jagadhatri Mukhopadhaya, who lived in Saptagram, raised Sharada after her mother’s death. As such, Sharada spent most of her childhood in Saptagram, in what is now West Bengal.

IISISReincarnationResearchPregnantSharada said that when she was seven years old, she was wed in an arranged marriage to Vishwanath Mukhopadhaya, who was an Ayurvedic physician in the town of Shivapur. Her husband moved from village to village on a pony to see his patients. Later, when Bengali interviewers again asked Sharada what her husband’s name was, as a gesture of respect typical of Bengali women, she would not speak her husband’s name, rather, she wrote it in Bengali. Sharada could write, as well as speak, in Bengali, while Uttara could not.

Of interest, when Sharada first manifested in the hospital while Uttara was under the care of Dr. Joshi, Sharada acted towards him as a wife would, which made Dr. Joshi uncomfortable. She seemed quite attracted to him. When Uttara found Dr. Joshi dining with a female employee of the hospital, she turned into Sharada and scolded Dr. Joshi in a fit of jealousy.

As Dr. Joshi was a Bengali physician, as was Sharada’s husband, Ian Stevenson wondered if Joshi stimulated Sharada’s appearance. As one point, Sharada stated that Dr. Joshi was her husband. It is possible that Dr. Joshi was Sharada’s husband, Vishwanath Mukhopadhaya, in a prior incarnation. This hypothesis, unfortunately, could not be verified or refuted.

Sharada said that she had two miscarriages and then became pregnant again for the third time. When she was five months pregnant, she journeyed by cart from Shivapur, where she and her husband lived, to Saptagram to visit her maternal aunt who raised her. She left a diamond nose ring and 125 rupees at home, for fear that bandits on the road would steal these valuables.

Less than two months after arriving in Saptagram, Sharada said that she was plucking flowers in the garden when a snake bit her on the right toe. This is the last event that Sharada described in her lifetime.

Multiple Researchers Investigate Xenoglossy Reincarnation Case of Uttara Huddar

At this point, I would like to share that the Sharada | Uttara Huddar reincarnation case was studied exhaustively by multiple experts over a period of years. A newspaper story regarding this case came out in 1975, which drew the attention of Ian Stevenson, MD, who collaborated with professors in India.

As examples, Professor P. Pal, a reincarnation investigator and a native of Bengal, as well as Dr. R. K. Sinha, also a native of Bengal, were deeply involved. Dr. S.K. Das, a professor of Bengali, also testified that Sharada was truly speaking Bengali. Tape recordings of Sharada were made and studied. Ian Stevenson worked with these various researchers and compiled their findings in his book, Unlearned Language.

Verification of Statements Made by Sharada, the Past Life Personality

In May 1975, Dr. Sinha, one of the researchers involved in the case, visited Saptaram in West Bengal and inquired about a family described by Sharada. After much effort, he found Satinath Chattopadhaya, who produced a genealogy of ancestors extending back to the nineteenth century. A beautiful and very ornate example of a geneological record or family tree is provided below.

IISISReincarnationResearchFamilyTreeBrajnath Chattopadhaya, the name Sharada stated to be the name of her father, appeared on the genealogy.

Dr. Sinha brought the genealogy back to Nagpur and asked Sharada to name her relatives. Sharada made the following identifications accurately:

Father-Brajnath

Mother: Renukha Devi

Stepmother: Anadamori

Brothers-Kailasnath, Srianth and Satinath

Grandfather-Ramanth

Uncle Devdas, corrected as Devanth

Based on Sharada’s ability to accurately name these relatives, as confirmed by the genealogy, Ian Stevenson became convinced that Sharada was referring the Chattopadhaya family as her past life family. If this is correct, then her memories or statements were objectively validated. Unfortunately, names for her husband and father-in-law could not be verified from the genealogy, as they belonged to a different family tree.

Of note, Sharada said that a monk took one of the male family members to become initiated in the Nath order. She said that villages afterwards called the family the Nath family and that family members took on “nath” as a suffix. The genealogy did confirm that nath appears as a suffix for all male family members to this day. Again, Sharada’s statements were objectively verified.

Ian Stevenson makes the point that it was unlikely that the Huddar family could have had read the genealogy in advance of the case investigation, as it was written in Bengali, which the Huddars didn’t understand.

Xenoglossy: Sharada’s Bengali Language Skills

Whereas in some xenoglossy cases, vocabulary can be limited, Sharada could speak Bengali extensively. Professor Pal reported: “I talked with Sharada for about ten hours. Neither of us had any difficulty in understanding even a word of what the other spoke. We were talking with normal fluency.” (2)

Professor Pal also noted, “All the while she was talking fluently in Bengali like a normal Bengali girl and I did not notice any difference in intonation from that of a Bengali lady.” (3)

Dr. Roy signed a document that Sharada and he spoke for two hours exclusively in Bengali. Her answers were sensible and she demonstrated complete command of the Bengali language.

As such, Sharada demonstrated what Ian Stevenson calls responsive xenoglossy, where the subject not only can speak a language that has not been learned, but the subject can also respond to questions in that language in an interactive way. Sharada could also read and write Bengali. In contrast, as noted, Uttara could not understand Bengali at all.

Sharada’s Past Life Knowledge of Bengali Geography and Places

In addition to being able to understand, speak and write Bengali, Sharada demonstrated extensive knowledge of Bengali geography and places, even remote and relatively unknown places.

Recall that Sharada had said that her father was a priest at the Kankalini Temple at Kanchanagar and that it was six kilometers from Burdwan, a city now called Bardhaman, in West Bengal. The existence and location of this temple was verified, which was particularly impressive as the temple is not well-known. In fact, the village of Kanchanagar had been deserted, possibly after an epidemic, and had been overgrown by jungle for 50 years.

IISISReincarnationResearchHinduTempleIn another example, when an investigator showed Sharada a photo of the Bengali Hanserhwar Temple of Bamberia, Sharada identified it immediately by name. When asked how many towers the temple had, Sharada correctly stated that there were 13 towers, even though the photo only featured a portion of the temple, showing only seven towers.

She knew that Kali was the goddess of the temple, that the Kali idol had four arms, that the idol was made of neem wood that was painted blue, and that the Rajah of Banberia brought the idol from Benares. All these statements were correct.

Sharada also accurately described the geography encountered and travel time by boat from Shivapur to Shikarpur. She also correctly described geographical details encountered in a trip from Calcutta to Shivapur.

Uttara and the Huddar family had no knowledge of the Kankalini or Hanserhwar Temples, or of geographical details regarding travel in Bengal. Further, the information was obscure and it wound not have been found in the Bengali literature that Uttara read in her youth.

Sharada’s Past Life Knowledge of Bengali Foods

IISISReincarnationResearchBengaliSweetsSharada had a remarkable knowledge of food specialties of Bengal, which she preferred over the food of Nagpur, India. While Uttara didn’t like sweets, Sharada loved Bengali sweets. When asked what her favorite sweet is, she said sitabhog, which is made only in Burdwan, Bengal. She was able to identify sitabhog when it was brought to her. Further, Sharada could distinguish sweets imported from Bengal from imitations made in Nagpur.

When Sharada fasted, she asked for coconut water. Coconuts in Bengal have water, whereas coconuts in the region where the Uddars lived do not.

Sharada preferred to eat rice and she put yogurt in her rice, which is a Bengali custom. In contrast, Sharada and her family preferred bread made from wheat, which Marathi people typically eat. Sharada reported to investigators a long list of foods that were only eaten in Bengal.

Sharada’s Ignorance of Technology

Sharada had no understanding of trains, cars, electricity, electric lights, electric fans or phones. Ian Stevenson wrote that glass bottles baffled her. In nineteenth century Bengal, food and water were kept in earthenware or metal vessels. When asked if she would like to cook Bengalis meals, she said, “How can I cook? There is neither an oven or firewood here?” Cooking on the Huddar’s gas stove was incomprehensible to her. (4)

When she heard a tape recorder play back songs she sang, she thought there was an evil spirit in the tape recorder

IISISReincarnationResearchLooterSharada’s Past Life Bengali Behavior and Disdain of Marathi People

Sharada behaved very much like a Bengali woman, in contrast to Uttara’s Marathi ways. Further, in an amusing and ironic twist, Sharada demonstrated a prejudiced and judgmental attitude towards Marathi people.

Sharada called Marathi people “dasyus,” which means “looters” in Bengali (5). She was demonstrating a typical Bengali attitude towards Marathi people, who Bengalis thought of as inferior. Sharada refused to learn the Marathi language, which she considered a harsh language.

Since she would not learn the Marathi language, Sharada could not communicate with the Huddar family. She spent much of her time alone, reading Bengali books and epics in the Bengali language, which Uttara didn’t understand.

It is amusing and ironic that Sharada was being judgmental and prejudiced towards the Marathis, who would be her own ethnic group in her future incarnation as Uttara. As noted, this case demonstrates that it is not wise to establish identity on one’s nationality or ethnic group, as these can change from one lifetime to another.

IISISReincarnationResearchVermillionForeheadSharada’s Past Life Bengali Behavior

Sharada’s customs and behavior reflected her Bengali culture. As noted, Sharada wore a portion of her sari over her head, creating a veil, which is a custom of Bengali women. Uttara did not wear a sari in this way. Sharada went barefoot when she left the house, as Bengali women in the 19th century did, while Uttara wore sandals or shoes when she went out. Sharada would leave her hair loose, while Uttara pulled her hair into a bun. Sharada sat on the floor, while Uttara sat on chairs. Sharada bathed in cold water, as she would have done in the 19th century, whereas Uttara bathed in warm water.

Sharada applied vermillion or cinnabar to the part of her hair, a custom of married Bengali women. When she asked members of Uttara’s family to help her apply the cinnabar, Sharada became upset when they would apply the cinnabar from the top of her head to the forehead, which in Bengali culture means that she may suffer early widowhood. The proper Bengali way is to apply the cinnabar the opposite way, from forehead to top of head. Sharada also asked that alta, a red liquid dye, be applied to borders of her feet, another Bengali custom.

Sharada would greet older persons by touching her head to the ground, a Bengali tradition. Whereas Uttara was social and friendly, Sharada did not like to appear before strangers, unless they were Bengali. Sharada would not let Uttara’s father or brother touch her, as she did not feel related to them.

Reincarnation & Changes in Religious Worship

IISISReincarnationResearchDurgaUttara and her family, the Huddars, worshiped Ganesh, the Hindu deity with the elephant head. Sharada, on the other hand, worshiped the Bengali deity Durga, represented by a woman with ten arms. An image of Durga is provided to the right.

Sharada followed the Bengali custom of drawing an image of Durga on the floor with powder. Overall, Sharada was much more religious than Uttara, which may have reflected Sharada’s family life, as her father was a temple priest.

Transformation of Uttara into Past Life Personality Sharada

As noted, Sharada first appeared when she was in the hospital under the care of Dr. Joshi in 1973, when Uttara was 32 years old. Sharada’s appearances continued at least through October of 1982, a period of nine years.

Sharada would remain for varying amounts of time. Most of her appearances lasted 1-3 days, though some appearances lasted a week or more. The longest appearances lasted for 41 and 43 days. The frequency of appearances could vary, though for a period of time, Sharada appeared approximately twice a month.

IISISReincarnationResearchCaseEvidenceLotusWhen Uttara returned, she would change the Bengali clothing that Sharada preferred to the clothes that Maratha women wear. Sharada only spoke Bengali, while Uttara never spoke Bengali.

Uttara described to investigators what the appearance of Sharada was like. Uttara said that when Sharada was approaching, she felt pain and tenderness on the top of her head. She could also have the sensation of ants crawling on top her head.

Her tongue would feel like it was being pulled inwardly and that her eyes were being pulled inside her head. She could have the sensation as if she was shrinking. She would begin weeping and then she would lose consciousness.

Sometimes the transition to Sharada would occur during sleep. Uttara would be in her normal state of being when she went to bed, then in the morning would awake as Sharada.

Whenever Sharada emerged, she would ask for flowers and sometimes she would go out to the Huddar’s garden to pick flowers. With this behavior, it appears that Sharada was reenacting the events that led to her death, just before she was bit by the cobra.

Source of Reincarnation Phobia: Sharada Relives Being Bitten by a Cobra in her Past Life

IISISReincarnationCaseEvidencecobra200There were episodes where Sharada even seemed to be reliving symptoms of a venomous snake bite. Her toe would become black, as would her tongue and the inside of her mouth. She would close her eyes and point to her toe and say, “A king cobra has bitten me.” (6) As such, it appears that Sharada was at times reliving her death in the nineteenth century.

Preservation of Past Life Personality within the Soul: Sharada Thinks She is Still Alive and Denies Knowing Uttara

Despite Sharada’s repetition of her death scene, in which she would go out to the garden to pick flowers, she had no awareness that she was dead. Though she would say that she was bitten by a cobra, was put on a stretcher and then lost consciousness, she never would state that she had died.

When she was asked if she was a spirit, Sharada replied, “I am not a spirit, I am a woman” (7)

At times when Sharada appeared, she could not speak. She would point to her throat and tears would roll down her checks. It appears that in these episodes, Sharada did not fully integrate into Uttara’s body, which made her unable to vocalize. During severe phases, she could not take care of herself and the Huddar family had to care for her, even give her water. Normally, Sharada could feed, clean and clothe herself.

On the other hand, Sharada, at times, could act quite autonomously and on three occasions she left the Uddar’s home on her own. Once she left to find Dr. Joshi, who Sharada considered her husband.

IISISReincarnationResearchEvidencePonyWhen asked how she had arrived at the Huddar’s home, she would give different explanations, as if she herself didn’t know. Once she said that her husband left her with the Huddars while he went to holy places along the Ganges River.

Sharada would ask the Huddars to take her to her husband in Shivapur or to the aunt who raised her in Saptagram. Once she wrote a letter to her husband stating: “I do not like it here. I have been here for a long time. When will you take me home?” (8)

Sharada consistently denied knowing Uttara. When asked where Uttara was, Sharada stated that she didn’t know.

Past Life Personality Sharada Shows Psychic Abilities

Sharada, in contrast to Uttara, demonstrated psychic abilities. Once she told a first time visitor to the Huddar’s home that his wife was dead, his son did not help him and that he had to beg for help from others. All these statements were correct. When a servant girl that worked for the Huddars was sent away for suspicion of stealing, Sharada said that the girl was at that very moment confessing to her grandfather and was weeping in remorse. This was later verified as true. It was as if Sharada was still connected to the soul of Sharada | Uttara, which allowed her to see in extra sensory ways.

Transformation from Past Life Personality Sharada into Uttara

Uttara said that when she emerged from the Sharada phase, she had the sensation that “something is falling down in my body.” (9) Recovery could last from 15 minutes to four hours. Uttara could have difficulty speaking Marathi after a long Sharada phase.

Uttara would have no memory of what occurred during her Sharada phase and conversely, Sharada had no awareness of anything that occurred when Uttara was herself.

For example, when Uttara’s mother, Monoram Huddar, died on July 3, 1981, Uttara was in her normal state of consciousness. When on August 8, 1981, Sharada manifested, she had no knowledge that Monoram had died. When told that Monoram had died, Sharada started to cry.

Reincarnation versus Possession

Due to the dramatic nature of Sharada’s appearances, in which Uttara had no knowledge of what occurred while Sharada inhabited her body, one must wonder if this may be a case of possession, where a disembodied spirit takes over the body of person.

In a separate section of this website, I review my working relationship with Kevin Ryerson, who is a professional medium. Kevin channels several different spirit beings, allowing these spirit beings to communicate with human beings. When Kevin channels, he has no awareness of what goes on during the channeling. When Kevin emerges from a channeling session, he has no memory of what happened during the session.

One may even think of Kevin’s ability to channel as the ability to allow temporary possession of his body in a controlled way. Kevin allows a spirit being to use his body for a period of time, though Kevin retains control and can emerge from the channeling state at will.

As such, there are similarities in the way Sharada would manifest to the channeling phenomenon that occurs with Kevin Ryerson. One difference is that Kevin retains control over the channeling experience and can return to normal consciousness if he desires. In contrast, Uttara had no control over Sharada’s appearances.

Ian Stevenson, MD, felt that the Sharada | Uttara Huddar case is more consistent with a reincarnation case, rather than possession, for several reasons. These include:

Manorama’s announcing dream: When Manorama was pregnant with Uttara, she had a recurrent dream in which a cobra was about to bite her right big toe. Manorama would kick off the snake and then wake up. It was as if Manorama was experiencing the persona of Sharada, Uttara’s past lifetime, in these dreams.

Sharada, it appears, was trying to communicate to Manorama, Uttara’s mother, that Sharada would be born to her. Announcing dreams like this are observed in reincarnation cases, not in cases of possession. An announcing dream was recounted in the reincarnation case of Hanan Monsour | Suzanne Ghanem.

Uttara’s Past Life Phobia of Snakes: Uttara had a phobia of snakes, which was particularly severe from four to eight years of age. This phobia appears to reflect a past lifetime as Sharada, who described being bit by a king cobra. Phobias related to past life trauma are observed in reincarnation cases, as observed in the Rashid Khaddege | Daniel Jurdi reincarnation case.

Principles of Reincarnation & Understanding Past Lives

If this extremely compelling case is accepted as a reincarnation case, it demonstrates the following features:

Responsive Xenoglossy and Personality Retained in the Soul: Sharada could have extensive conversations in Bengali. Professor Pal noted that in total, he conversed with Sharada in Bengali for ten hours. In contrast, Uttara, the contemporary personality, as well as her family, could not speak Bengali at all.

The Sharada personality appears to have been entirely retained within the soul. Sharada did not seem to even know that she had died. Further, Sharada denied even knowing who the contemporary personality, Uttara, was.

Phobia from a Past Lifetime: Uttara, as a child, had an intense phobia of snakes, which appears to reflect her death in a past lifetime as Sharada, by a cobra bite.

Change of Nationality, Ethnic Affiliation & Religious Belief: Sharada, the Bengali past life personality, showed contempt for the Indian Marathi people, which Uttara and her family belonged to. Sharada even referred to the Marathi as “looters.” Though both Hindu, Sharada worshiped the god Durga, while Uttara and her family were devoted to Ganesh.

Spirit Being Involvement & Announcing Dreams in Reincarnation Cases: When Manorama was pregnant with Uttara, she would dream that she was about to be bitten in her right big toe by a snake. It was as if Manorama was experiencing the persona of Sharada, Uttara’s past lifetime, in these dreams. It seems that Sharada, from the spirit world,was trying to communicate with Manorama, indicating that she would be born to her.

Footnotes

1. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 74
2. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 121
3. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 121
4. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 114
5. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 115
6. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 112
7. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 113
8. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 114
9. Stevenson, Ian: Unlearned Language, New Studies in Xenoglossy, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, p 109

 

 

 

 

 

The Reincarnation Case of a Nazi Bomber Pilot | Carl Edon

A Christian Father’s investigation into his son’s reincarnation stories of being a Nazi pilot in the Second World War named Robert. Carl Edon the reincarnation has very typical German features vastly in contrast to his whole family, Robert was a German and Carl Edon was British.

edon-new-mirror-72How Derived: Past Life Memories in Childhood

Researchers: James Edon, Dr. Nicholas McClean-Rice and Ian Stevenson, MD-Video Provided Below

From: European Cases of the Reincarnation Type, by Ian Stevenson, MD

Article by Walter Semkiw, MD

A Christian Father Investigates his Son’s Past Life Memories of Being a Nazi Pilot

Carl Edon was born on December 29, 1972 in Middlesbrough, England to James and Valerie Edon. The Edons belonged to the Church of England and as such, they were Christians who did not believe in reincarnation. Initially, they were baffled by statements made by Carl regarding his being a German bomber pilot. Eventually, his father, James Edon, a bus driver by profession, became the first investigator of this reincarnation case.

Similarities to James Leininger Reincarnation Case

In many ways, this story is similar to the reincarnation case of James Huston, Jr. | James Leininger, who as a child remembered a past lifetime as a United States fighter pilot who died in combat in the Pacific, during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Just as James Edon became an investigator of his son’s past life memories, Bruce Leininger, the father of James Leininger, became the investigator of his son’s past life memories. Bruce was a devout Christian, who had difficulty in considering reincarnation as an explanation for his son’s memories, though he did become a believer in the end.

Carl Edon’s Past Life Knowledge of Nazi Symbols & German Aircraft 

reincarnationpastliferesearchholocaustswastikaJames Edon vouched that their family did not have many books in their home and they had none on World War II. Like in the Leininger case, Carl’s parents maintained that Carl had not learned details of World War II from books or television programs.

James Edon noted that when Carl would give details about German air force planes, James Edon himself would have to check out books at the municipal library to confirm that Carl’s statements were correct.

An article on this case was published in the British magazine, Women’s Own, on August 7, 1982. A German reporter interviewed the family and published an article on this reincarnation case in the Berlin newspaper, Morgenpost, on July 17, 1983.

Hitler Nazi SaluteIan Stevenson, MD, worked with a colleague in England, Dr. Nicholas McClean-Rice, who went to interview the Edon family in January 1984, when Carl was 11 years old. On June 13, 1993, Ian Stevenson himself traveled to Middlesbrough and had a lengthy meeting with the family, at a time when Carl was 20 years of age.

Carl Says he Crashed an Airplane, Strikes a Past Life Nazi Salute & Draws Swastikas and a German Eagle

In 1974, when Carl was almost 2 years of age and just as he had began to speak, he began to say, “I crashed a plane through a window.” (1) He said this frequently and as he grew older, he added details. When he was initially speaking of this past lifetime, he would spontaneously make a Nazi salute, with the right arm raised and straight.

GermanEagleCarl told his parents that he was on a bombing mission over England when he crashed. When he learned to draw, which occurred when he was 2-3 years old, he started to draw swastikas, badges and insignias. Carl would draw airplanes and put swastikas on them.

He drew an eagle, which his parents described as the “German eagle.” Carl told his parents that his name was Robert when he flew the bomber and that his father’s name was Fritz. His parents noted that from 1974 to 1976, Carl spoke abundantly about flying his German plane.

Past Life Knowledge: Carl Draws an Aircraft Cockpit and Explains Gauges

At the age of 6, Carl drew a panel of an airplane cockpit and he described the purposes of the different gauges. He said that in the cockpit, there was a red foot pedal, which was used to release bombs.

Past Life Memories: Carl Flew a Messerschmitt to Bomb England

Carl told his parents that when he crashed through the window, he was flying a bomber called a Messerschmitt. An image of a Messerschmitt bomber is provided below and to the right. He said his plane had a number, which was 101 or 104—his parents could not remember the exact number.

Me 264 V 1, Fernbomber, Aufklärer. Werkfoto Messerschmitt (MBB) 6/264

Carl’s knowledge of details of German planes is again very reminiscent of James Huston, Jr. | James Leininger reincarnation case, as little James Leininger had innate knowledge of American and Japanese aircraft from World War II, knowledge that he did not learn by normal means.

When the Edon family was watching a documentary on the Holocaust, Carl said that his air force base was near a concentration camp that was featured on the program. His parents thought the concentration camp Carl referred to was Auschwitz, but they couldn’t remember for sure.

Robert Lost a Leg in his Crash and Carl has a Corresponding Past Life Birthmark

Carl said that he was on a bombing run when he crashed and that he had lost his right leg in the crash. Ian Stevenson had great interest in cases in which a person who suffered a traumatic wound in a past lifetime would reincarnate with a birthmark or scar at the location of the past life wound. In this case, Stevenson noted that Carl had a very large, protruding birthmark on the right groin, and he speculated whether his may have been related to Robert losing his right leg in the crash.

Carl Does the Goose Step, Stands at Attention & Wants to Move to Germany

As noted, as soon as Carl started talking about his past lifetime in which he crashed through a window, he would strike a Nazi salute, with his right arm raised and straight.

Nazi Goose StepWhen walking, he would do the Nazi goose step, a march with knees held straight. When he did the goose step at school, his British schoolmates teased him terribly and they called him a Nazi. This teasing led to Carl ceasing to talk about his past lifetime when he was 10 or 11.

When standing, he would maintain and erect posture and he would have his hands by his side, like a little soldier. He was compulsively tidy and neat, which Ian Stevenson saw as a German trait.

Carl told his parents that he wanted to go to and live in Germany. This is similar to the case of a Japanese soldier who reincarnated in Burma who wanted to move to Japan.

Whereas his parents preferred tea, a British custom, Carl preferred coffee, a German custom. He also had a fondness for sausages, which are very popular in Germany. When at school a play was being rehearsed that had a German character, Carl insisted that he be cast as the German.

Carl’s Past Life German Appearance

Whereas all his family members had brown hair, Carl was very blonde. Carl had blue eyes, like his mother, though most of his family members who had brown eyes. Carl had the appearance of what Hitler esteemed as traits of a superior race.

Validation of Carl’s Past Life Memories and His Death

Unfortunately, Carl’s description of a German pilot named Robert crashing through a window in England could not be confirmed by historical records at the time Ian Stevenson published this case. This is in contrast to the James Huston, Jr. | James Leininger reincarnation case, which was historically validated through the meticulous research of Bruce Leininger.

Tragically, Carl died in 1995 at the age of 22, a victim of murder.

Subsequent Investigation of the Edon Reincarnation Case

The English newspaper, the Evening Gazette ran an article regarding the Edon case on January 15, 2002, which was updated in 2013. This article is provided below: 

The Uncanny Case of Carl Edon

edon-new-mirror-72For years before he was brutally murdered Carl Edon tried to convince his family that he was reincarnated.

Now startling new photos, unearthed after dogged detective work by a local historian, reveal a chilling resemblance between Carl and a German airman, Heinrich Richter, buried in a Thornaby cemetery.

Richter, a turret gunner, perished when his Dornier bomber crashed onto a South Bank railway during a raid exactly 60 years ago today… January 15, 1942.

The wreckage of the Dornier, damaged by anti-aircraft fire before hitting a barrage balloon, was discovered in 1997 buried off Tilbury Road – only a few hundred yards from the spot where Carl was stabbed to death two years earlier.

When the bomber was dug up with Richter’s remains inside, Carl’s parents, Jim and Val, shuddered as they recalled their son’s eerie tales of reincarnation.

But only now – as the Gazette reveals for the first time what the airman looked like – are the Coulby Newham couple looking at their son’s claims in a new light.

“It’s got to be him,” said a stunned Val, when shown a photo of the German in full uniform shortly before the crash over Teesside.

“The resemblance across the eyes and the nose is uncanny.

“Maybe this is the final piece of the jigsaw,” she said.

edon-new-mirror-72The striking picture was obtained after Guisborough historian and author Bill Norman tracked down Richter’s relatives in Germany for a new book.

An uncanny likeness between the two young men and the fact that they share the same scene of death more than 50 years apart are just two of the strange coincidences which have spooked Carl’s parents.

During the excavation of the German bomber it was discovered that Richter’s leg, still inside a flying boot, had been severed in the wreckage, explained Val.

“Carl used to say he lost his right leg in the crash,” she said. “And he had a birth mark at the top of that leg.”

On the day her rail worker son was murdered – by Gary Vinter, later jailed for life – he had been to Skinningrove to collect train carriages.

“The day the Dornier crashed it had bombed Skinningrove first and flew on to Middlesbrough following the railway line,” said Val.

Carl and Richter had made the same journey the day they died.

“There are just too many strange coincidences, and I think if Carl was here he’d be saying ‘Do you believe me now’?”

One of the country’s leading researchers into psychic phenomena admitted he was amazed at the details surrounding the two deaths.

“We research a lot of reincarnation cases, but not many as remarkable as this one sounds,” said David Christie-Murray, member of the Society for Psychical Research, founded in 1882 and now based in London.

“It seems to me to be a fascinating case, and one I’m sure the SPR would certainly be interested in investigating if the family wanted to.”

Carl’s experiences are already detailed in a book called The Children That Time Forgot by Peter and Mary Harrison, and on a US TV show. They’ve also been well documented in British and German newspapers, including the Gazette when Carl was just nine years old.

But his parents said he suffered taunts at school as a result of his ‘past life’ claims.

“When that started happening Carl didn’t like talking about it any more,” said his mum.

“But he always believed it.”

His dad told the Gazette he was cynical at first. “I was sick of Carl going on about it,” he said. “But I probably believe more in reincarnation now.”

The Dornier’s three other crew were buried in Thornaby after the crash in 1942, but Richter was not laid to rest alongside his colleagues until the plane was ‘rediscovered’ 55 years later by water board workers.

Commentary on the Evening Gazette Article regarding the Carl Edon Reincarnation Case

The Evening Gazette article states that Heinrich Richter lost a leg in the crash of his plane, consistent with Carl’s claim that he lost a leg in the plane crash that led to his death. Recall that Carl had a large birthmark at his right groin, which could be related to loss of a limb.

Inconsistencies include Carl’s claim that his name was Robert, not Heinrich, and that he was a pilot, not a gunner. It may be that Carl was confusing his name and function on the plane with another crew member on the fatal, or perhaps another, flight.

Key Points & Principles of Reincarnation

Change in Nationality and Ethnic Affiliation: In his past lifetime, Robert was a German air force bomber pilot, while Carl was born into a British family. This case shows that one can reincarnate into the land of one’s own enemy from a prior incarnation.

Consider whether a German pilot would go to war with England if that pilot knew that in a subsequent incarnation, this very pilot would reincarnate as an English citizen?

This is reminiscent of the reincarnation case of John B. Gordon | Jeff Keene, in which an American Civil War Confederate officer reincarnated as a Connecticut Union Yankee. Jeff has noted that in his contemporary lifetime, he has ancestors that fought the Confederates. Jeff has even mused that his Northern relatives may even have fought against him, as John B. Gordon, in his past lifetime.

The Anne Frank | Barbro Karlen case also very poignantly shows how illogical war really is, as Anne Frank was persecuted as a German Jew and died in a concentration camp, while in her contemporary lifetime, Barbro was born into a Christian family in Sweden.

Physical Appearance: Ian Stevenson, MD, noted that Carl had typical German, Aryan physical features, such as very blonde hair and blue eyes, in contrast to most of his immediate family members.

Similarly, Stevenson noted that in several cases that he researched in Burma, now called Myanmar, several Burmese children remembered past lifetimes as British or American air force pilots who were killed in Burma, a Japanese conquest during World War II.

Whereas Burmese children typically have dark hair, eyes and skin, these children who remembered Caucasian past lifetimes had blonde hair. These cases suggest that though race and ethnic affiliation can change from one incarnation to another, physical features from a past lifetime, such as hair color, can be retained. Retention of such features may be facilitated by the soul’s energy template, which is discussed under Principles of Reincarnation.

edon-new-mirror-72In the Evening Gazette article, Carl’s parents reported that they saw an uncanny resemblance between Carl and Heinrich Richter. The image comparisons provided, a resemblance is seen, though Richter is much thinner than Carl.

Past Life Birthmark: As noted, Carl had a large birthmark at his right groin, which could be related to the Heinrich Richter’s loss of a leg in his plane crash.

A Note on Neo-Nazism and Reincarnation

The reincarnation case of Robert | Carl Edon can provide insight on the Neo-Nazi movement. Just as Carl was attracted to Germany and things German, those drawn to Neo-Nazism may have also had past lives in Nazi Germany. Though this may provide insight on why people may be attracted to Neo-Nazism, reincarnation research also reveals the flaw in the logic of Neo-Nazis.

That flaw is that souls can change religion, race, nationality and ethnic affiliation from one incarnation to another. In the case of Carl Edon, we noted that nationality changed; a German pilot reincarnated in the country that was once the enemy, England.

Similarly, a Neo-Nazi can reincarnate as a Jew, a dark-skinned African or in any other race or ethnic group that the Neo-Nazi is prejudiced against. Not only is this possible, but from a karmic point of view, it is quite likely.

Footnotes

(1) Stevenson, Ian: European Cases of the Reincarnation Type, McFarland, 2003, page 68